Catarata posuveítis: algunas consideraciones / Some considerations about cataract after uveitis

La catarata constituye una causa frecuente y obligada de consulta en los pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias por la mala visión que produce y para la evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico. En estos pacientes la cirugía es más complicada. Realizamos una revisión actualizada del tema en los últimos diez años. Se plantean algunas consideraciones sobre los protocolos de tratamiento pre, trans y posquirúrgicos para la cirugía de la catarata, las dificultades y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor tratamiento e implante de lente intraocular. Las opciones de tratamiento, el control pre y posquirúrgico, así como de evitar las complicaciones transquirúrgicas, son fundamentales para el mejor pronóstico de pacientes con uveítis. Nos propusimos realizar una revisión del tema en la literatura publicada en los últimos diez años, así como exponer nuestras experiencias y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor resultado de la cirugía de catarata(AU)

Cataract represents a common cause of medical consultation in patients with inflammatory illnesses because of the visual problems it brings about and the evaluation of the surgical treatment. Surgery is more complicated to be performed in these patients. A literature review on this topic in the last ten years was made. Some considerations were put forward about the treatment protocols before, during and after cataract surgery, the difficulties and elements to be taken into account for best treatment and implantation of the intraocular lens. The treatment choices, the preoperative and postoperative control as well as the prevention of transoperative complications are fundamental for better prognosis of patients with uveitis. We intended to make a literature review on this topic using the articles published in the last ten years as well as to present our experiences and the elements to take into account to achieve best results in the cataract surgery(AU)

Principios para el cálculo de la lente intraocular tras cirugía refractiva corneal / Principles for the intraocular lens power calculation after corneal refractive surgery

Se estima que aproximadamente un millón o más de pacientes se realizan cirugía refractiva al año. Es por eso que con el envejecimiento son cada día más frecuentes los pacientes con catarata, a quienes previamente se les ha efectuado cirugía refractiva. El cálculo inexacto de la potencia dióptrica de la lente a implantar en la intervención de estos es también un problema de importancia creciente y con él la sorpresa refractiva. Este es mucho más complejo de lo normal, ya que existen dos fuentes de error: la incorrecta predicción de la posición efectiva de la lente por parte de la fórmula y la determinación errónea de la potencia de la córnea por parte de la queratometría. La corrección de estos dos factores permitirá realizar un cálculo correcto en estos ojos. De ahí la motivación para realizar una búsqueda actualizadas de los últimos diez años de diversos artículos publicados, con el objetivo de describir los principios para el cálculo de la lente intraocular tras cirugía refractiva corneal. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con todos sus buscadores(AU)

It is considered that approximately one million or more patients undergo refractive surgery every year. Due to aging, the number of patients with cataract, who had previously undergone refractive surgery, is increasingly higher. The inaccurate calculation of the dioptric power of the lens to be implanted is also a growing significant problem and thus the refractive surprise. This is a much more complex situation since two error sources exist: the incorrect prediction of the effective position of the lens based on the formula and the wrong determination of the corneal power through keratometry. The correction of these two factors will allow making a suitable power calculation. Hence the motivation for updated search of several articles published in the last ten years, with the objective of describing the principles for intraocular lens power calculation after corneal refractive surgery. The Infomed platform, mainly the Virtual Library of Health, was fully used(AU)

Efectividad de la biometría de inmersión para el cálculo del poder dióptrico de la lente intraocular / Effectiveness of immersion biometry for the calculation of intraocular lens dioptric power

OBJETIVO: determinar la efectividad de la biometría de inmersión para el cálculo del lente intraocular. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, prospectivo. El universo estuvo constituido por los pacientes operados de catarata en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", entre enero y septiembre de 2011. La muestra estuvo conformada por 39 ojos de 34 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión establecidos para la investigación y fueron operados por la técnica de facoemulsificación con previo cálculo del lente intraocular por biometría de inmersión e interferometría de coherencia óptica. RESULTADOS: el promedio de edad fue de 72,33 años, con un predominio del sexo femenino. La diferencia de longitud axial promedio entre los pacientes calculados por inmersión y los de IOL Máster fue de 0,09 mm, mientras que la diferencia de profundidad de la cámara anterior fue de 0,19 mm. Se obtuvo una diferencia de 0,13 D y no existió diferencia significativa en cuanto al cálculo del poder del lente intraocular entre ambos métodos. CONCLUSIONES: los valores de longitud axial y de profundidad de cámara anterior obtenidos mediante biometría de inmersión pueden ser utilizados para calcular con efectividad el poder del lente intraocular de los pacientes que serán sometidos a cirugía de cataratas, lo que demuestra ser una alternativa en ausencia del IOL Máster.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the functional capacity and the quality of life of the elderly people with macular degeneration and low vision who were seen at "Ramon Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January to June 2013. METHODS: Cross-sectional and descriptive study that included the following variables: age, sex, race, best corrected near visual acuity using Zeiss chart before and after visual rehabilitation, visual disability, functional capacity for daily life activities, clinical type of macular degeneration, risk factors for the disease, reason for visual rehabilitation and prescribed optical and non-optical aids. RESULTS: the disease prevailed in females (55,2 %), 75-79 years-old age group and Caucasians. Predominant visual disability was mild to moderate low vision; the mostly found functional capacity was independence with some limitations. Dry macular degeneration was present in 82,7 % of cases; the most frequent risk factor was smoking (82,7 %); reading and writing was the main motivation and a large number of patients improved their visual acuity after rehabilitation. The optical and non-optical aids that were mostly prescribed included microscopes and lighting. CONCLUSIONS: females, 75-79 years-old age group and Caucasians are the risk factors that cause the highest number of cases with macular degeneration and low vision. Visual disability prevailed among those classified as mild to moderate low vision patients. Dry macular degeneration .

Factores de riesgo ocular y experiencia del cirujano en las complicaciones de la cirugía de catarata / Ocular risk factors and the surgeon's experience to manage complications in the cataract surgery

OBJETIVO: determinar influencia de factores de riesgo ocular y experiencia del cirujano en las complicaciones de 158 pacientes operados de catarata en el Centro Oftalmológico de Holguín entre abril y octubre de 2010. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, factores de riesgo ocular, complicaciones transoperatorias y posoperatorias inmediatas relacionadas con factores de riesgo y experiencia del cirujano. RESULTADOS: el grupo de edad que predominó fue el de 70-79 años con 38,6 % y el sexo femenino en 58,8 %. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la madurez e hipermadurez del cristalino en 51,2 %. La complicación transoperatoria que más incidió fue la ruptura de cápsula posterior con pérdida de vítreo en 8,2 % relacionada con madurez del cristalino y pupila pequeña. El edema corneal constituyó la complicación posoperatoria inmediata que predominó en 6,3 % relacionada fundamentalmente con pupila insuficiente y catarata madura. En la cirugía realizada por residentes predominaron las complicaciones en 15,8 %. CONCLUSIONES: la intervención de cataratas en etapas de madurez e hipermadurez asociada a pupilas insuficientes expuso a estos ojos a un riesgo mayor de ruptura de cápsula posterior con o sin pérdida de vítreo y al edema corneal. La cirugía de catarata en pacientes con factores de riesgo oculares fue más propensa a complicaciones cuando la realizaron residentes y oftalmólogos con menos entrenamiento y experiencia.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the influence of ocular risk factors and the surgeon's experience on complications affecting 158 patients operated on for cataract at the Ophthalmologic Center in Holguin from April to October, 2010. METHODS: cross-sectional descriptive study in which variables such as age, sex, ocular risk factors, immediate transoperative and postoperative complications related to risk factors and the surgeon's experience were analyzed.RESULTS: the 70-79 years-old group prevailed with 38,6 %, and the females accounted for 58,8 % in the group. The most frequent risk factors were the maturity and hypermaturity of the crystalline lens in 51,2 % of cases. The transoperative complication that mostly affected the patients was the rupture of the posterior capsule with vitreous loss in 8,2 % of cases, associated with maturity of the crystalline lens and the small pupil. The corneal edema represented the predominant immediate postoperative complication in 6,3 % of cases, due to insufficient pupil and mature cataract. The complications were more frequent in surgeries performed by residents in 15,8 % of patients. CONCLUSIONS: operating cataracts at maturity and hypermaturity stages due to insufficient pupils meant higher risk of the posterior capsule rupture with or without vitreous loss and of corneal edema. Cataract surgery in patients with ocular risk factors was proner to complications when they are performed by residents or by ophthalmologists with less training and experience in this field.

Complexities and challenges of surgical data collection from cataract patients: comparison of cataract surgery rates between 2001 and 2008 in all provinces of Argentina / Complexidades e desafios da coleta de dados cirúrgicos de catarata: comparação das taxas de cirurgia de catarata em todas as províncias da Argentina de 2001 em relação a 2008

Purpose: To compare the cataract surgical rate (CSR) in 2001 with that in 2008 in all Argentinean provinces using current reporting methods and verify the accuracy of CSRs by crosschecking these methods with the number of sold intraocular lenses (IOLs) within the country. Methods: A longitudinal study including public and private setups was conducted, and it included 40 ophthalmologists from 22 provinces who provided cataract surgery data for 2001 and 2008. Other data were obtained from the Ministry of Health. Estimates were crosschecked against the market data for sold intraocular lens (IOLs) in 2008 and 2010. Results: The number of cataract surgeries increased 2.7-fold, from 62,739 in 2001 to 169,762 in 2008, with increases in every province except Mendoza. Although the population also increased by 9.4% during the same time period, the apparent CSR jumped from 1,744 to 4,313 per million population. The number of IOLs sold in Argentina in 2008 was 186,652, suggesting that the number of cataract surgeries performed was slightly greater than anticipated. Crosschecks with other countries using IOL sales data did not show discrepancies when compared with previously reported CSRs. Conclusions: Although the CSR in Argentina increased considerably from 2001 to 2008 for several reasons, the main reason was that thorough crosschecking between the number of surgeries reported and the number of IOLs sold revealed that the number of surgeries performed annually were being underestimated as a result of incomplete reporting by private practitioners. Furthermore, the presence of multiple societies of ophthalmology in the country complicated the process of obtaining accurate data. .

Objetivo: Comparar a taxa de cirurgia de catarata (TCC) em todas as províncias da Argentina entre 2001 e 2008, utilizando métodos de relatórios convencionais e verificar a precisão da TCC por meio do cruzamento desses métodos com o número de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) vendidas no país. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal realizado em clínicas públicas e privadas, com a participação de 40 oftalmologistas de 22 províncias, que forneceram dados sobre cirurgias de catarata para 2001 e 2008. Outros dados foram obtidos a partir do Ministério da Saúde. As observações foram cruzadas com os dados de mercado para LIOs no período de 2008 a 2010. Resultados: O número de cirurgias de catarata aumentaram 2,7 vezes, de 62.739 em 2001 para 169.762 em 2008, com aumentos em todas as províncias, exceto Mendoza. Embora a população também tenha aumentado 9,4 % durante o mesmo período de tempo, a aparente TCC saltou de 1.744 para 4.313 por milhão de população. O número de LIOs vendidas na Argentina em 2008 foi de 186.652, o que pode significar que tenham sido realizadas um pouco mais de cirurgias de catarata do que o estimado. Verificações cruzadas com outros países que utilizam dados de vendas de LIOs não apresentam discrepâncias quando comparado a TCC anteriormente relatadas. Conclusões: De 2001 a 2008, a TCC na Argentina aumentou consideravelmente por várias razões mas, principalmente, porque foi revelada, por meio do cruzamento de dados sobre cirurgias relatadas com o número de LIOs vendidas, que o número de cirurgias realizadas anualmente foi hipoestimado no passado, como resultado de relatórios incompletos feitos por médicos privados. Há também várias sociedades de oftalmologia no país, o que dificulta a obtenção de dados precisos. .

Cataract and Refractive Surgery in ; a Survey of KSCRS Members From 1995~2006

PURPOSE: This purpose of this report was to study trends in cataract and refractive surgeries conducted during the past twelve years and to compare results to previous reports from the ASCRS and New Zealand (NZ) in order to forecast future medical services. METHODS: We surveyed members of the Korean Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (KSCRS) every year from 1995 to 2006, and studied changes in cataract and refractive surgeries (RS). RESULTS: The duration of hospitalization has been gradually decreasing to the point that a one day hospitalization following surgery has become common. The rate of topical anesthesia use has significantly increased since 1998. Sutureless incision methods are now commonly practiced. The use of acryl IOL as an optic material has been gradually increasing for cataract surgeries. KSCRS members showed an interest in the special intraocular lenses as multifocal IOL. While Excimer laser PRK was the most popular refractive surgery during the first stage, KSCRS members increasingly prefer LASIK to the Excimer laser PRK. Regression of the corrected visual acuity, dry eye, night halo, and flashes were the most common complications following refractive surgeries. Medical disputes related to PRK and LASIK have been gradually increasing throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm that the KSCRS practice styles for cataract and RS are similar to those of the ASCRS and NZ. We infer a world-wide trend from the comparison of these three societies.

Clear lens phacoemulsification as a refractive procedure for productive age group

To assess phacoemulsification with or without posterior chamber intraocular lens [IOL] implantation as an effective technique for the correction of high myopia especially in productive age group [20-40 years]. Diagnostic Ophthalmology and Laser Treating Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. A series of 30 eyes with myopia higher than -10 diopter [D] had clear lens phacoemulsification with or without IOL implantation in the capsular bag. Biometry done using SRK II formula. The subjective outcome in patients with another procedure in the other eye. The mean postoperative follow-up 6 months. No serious intra-operative complication occured. Visual acuity improved postoperatively by 3 up to 5 lines in Snellen's chart in all the cases except one case with biometric error, which was corrected by IOL exchange. The dramatic resbonse of the patients and there comment on the procedure, the visual acuity improvement and field improvement. Also it was clear that some of the patients show contrast improvement and improvement in colour perception. Phacoemulsification for high myopia is a promising, effective and relatively safe refractive procedure

Endotélio e cirurgia da catarata: grandes desafios / Endothelium and cataract surgery: big challenges

O aumento no volume de cirurgia de catarata na segunda metade do século XX proporcionou uma série de descobertas e melhoramentos tecnológicos nesta área, inclusive e importância do endotélio corneano. Por incrível que pareça, o conhecimento das funções endoteliais de barreira à entrada de fluídos e de bomba ativa de transporte de íons e água para fora do estroma corneano, foi desvendado somente a partir da década de 50, principalmente por estudos de Davson, Mishuma e Hebdy e Maurice. Até há pouco tempo (décadas de 80 e 90) a ceratopatia bolhosa pseudo-fácica era a principal causa de transplante penetrante de córnea nos Estados Unidos da América e Europa, devido ao relativo desconhecimento da importância do endotélio corneano na manutenção da transparência da córnea e ao grande uso de lentes intra-oculares inadequados após a cirurgia da catarata, especialmente as de câmara anterior com alças rígidas e as de fixação irianas.

Changing trends in the intraocular lens acceptance in rural Tamil Nadu.

A retrospective analysis spanning a 3-year period (1992-1994) was done to determine the rate of acceptance and affordability of intraocular lenses among the rural population of Tamil Nadu. The acceptance rate increased at an average of almost 70 to 100% as compared to a 17 to 20% increase in the total number of cataract surgeries performed per year. Analysing by mode of admission, the proportion of intraocular lens acceptance was more among the patients who directly presented at the hospital than the patients referred from eye camps. The overall acceptance rate was high and the ophthalmologist should be prepared to meet the likelihood of greater demand for intraocular lens from this population.

The pattern of cataract surgery in India: 1992.

Surgery for cataract blindness, a major health problem, is undergoing a rapid transition. This study characterizes cataract surgery in India in terms of practice setting and surgical procedure. A survey questionnaire was mailed in December 1992 to 4356 members of the All India Ophthalmological Society, resident in India, requesting data on cataract surgery cases within the past 12 months. Two thousand one hundred thirty-four (49%) ophthalmologists responded to the survey. Of the 1,023,070 cataract cases reported, two-thirds were private patients. Among private patients, 26.0% received extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and 20.7% received ECCE without an IOL. Among patients operated under government auspices, 9.1% received ECCE with IOL and 22.4% received ECCE without IOL. Overall, 82.8% of active surgeons reported experience with the ECCE procedure. The cataract case load in the private sector and the frequency of ECCE, with or without IOL implantation, among both private and government-operated cases is greater than previously recognized.

Experiencia en la cirugía vítrea de mácula, 1993-1995: pucker y agujeros maculares / Experience in macular vitrectomy, 1993-1995: pucker and macular holes

Se presenta la experiencia en cirugía vítrea en agujeros maculares idiopáticos y en pucker macular del autor durante los años 1994 y 1995. Se operaron 8 casos de agujero macular con técnica que se describe con un suero autólogo. Se estudió la relación entre el tiempo de evolución preoperatorio y el pronóstico y se logró un éxito anatómico en el 85 por ciento de los casos y funcional en 75 por ciento. La técnica actual más depurada tendría escasas complicaciones y se podría combinar con otras cirugías como es la facoemulsificación del cristalino más implante de LIO. 12 pacientes conforman el grupo de pucker macular estudiados y operados por el autor. Se clasificaron según etiología y se estudió el resultado según el tiempo de evolución. Más del 90 por ciento lograron mejoría subjetiva de las metamorfopsias y el 75 por ciento mejoría significativa de la agudeza visual

Resultados e indicaciones en recambio de lentes intraoculares / Results and indications in intraocular lens exchange

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 8 pacientes que fueron sometidos a una explantación y recambio de lente intraocular en un período de 2 años y 8 meses. Todos los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino, con un promedio de edad de 51,5 años y un seguimiento de 6 a 26 meses. Todos los LIO recambiados eran de cámara anterior. Las indicaciones para el recambio fueron dislocación o descentramiento (87,5 porciento) y mal poder de LIO (12,5 porciento). El análisis de los resultados clínicos revela que el 75 porciento de los pacientes obtuvieron una agudeza visual final de 20/40 o mejor. Dentro de las complicaciones se presentó un desprendimiento de retina en un paciente (12,5 porciento)

Implantes de cristalino artificial na facectomia extra-capsular sem equipamento de faco-emulsificaçao ou aspiraçäo / Artificial lens implants in extracapsular phacectomy without phaco-emulsification or aspiration equipment

Os autores deste artigo procuram descrever como encontraram uma alternativa à técnica de aspiraçäo-irrigaçäo, normalmente usada por eles com o Faco Emulsificador de Kelman. Descrevem também a técnica de Worst, acrescentando algumas modificaçöes introduzidas por eles. Essas modificaçöes säo descritas para o implante de lentes de câmara posterior